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1. Match the diagram to your question 1. Model & supports 2. Where inputs go 3. Read the answer
シリンダーは、押す力と引く力が違う 筒の内側を見せた断面図 筒の内側を断面で見ています。ピストンの両側に圧力がかかる複動シリンダーです。
シリンダーは、押す力と引く力が違う D d p pb 筒の内側を見せた断面図 Dは内径、dはロッド径です。図のp・pbは押すときの配置です。引くときは、左右の給気圧pと背圧pbを入れ替えます。
シリンダー内径 D 40 mm
ロッド径 d 16 mm
給気側ゲージ圧力 p 0.5 MPa
排気側の背圧 pb（ゲージ圧） 0.05 MPa
摩擦などの損失力 Floss 20 N
比較する必要推力 Freq 300 N シリンダーは、押す力と引く力が違う D d p pb Fpush Fpull 押し：左p・右pb ／ 引き：左pb・右p 筒の内側を見せた断面図 ロッドの分だけ引く側の面積が小さくなります。押し・引きは別の給排気状態で、2本の橙の力が同時に作用する意味ではありません。
Fpush · 押す方向の推力（背圧・損失込み） 555.54 N
Fpull · 引く方向の推力（背圧・損失込み） 444.956 N
押す推力 − 必要推力 255.54 N Cylinder push and pull forces are different Cutaway: inside the cylinder A cutaway shows a double-acting cylinder with pressure on both piston faces.
Cylinder push and pull forces are different D d p pb Cutaway: inside the cylinder D is bore and d rod diameter. The illustrated p and pb apply to extension; swap their sides for retraction.
Cylinder bore D 40 mm
Rod diameter d 16 mm
Supply-side gauge pressure p 0.5 MPa
Exhaust-side back pressure pb (gauge) 0.05 MPa
Friction and other loss force Floss 20 N
Required thrust for comparison Freq 300 N Cylinder push and pull forces are different D d p pb Fpush Fpull Push: p left / pb right · Pull: pb left / p right Cutaway: inside the cylinder The rod reduces retract-side area. Push and pull describe separate air-supply states; the two orange forces do not act simultaneously.
Fpush · Extension thrust after back pressure and loss 555.54 N
Fpull · Retraction thrust after back pressure and loss 444.956 N
Extension thrust minus requirement 255.54 N Blue marks inputs; orange marks outputs. These diagrams explain the fixed example below; dimensions and deformation are not drawn to physical scale. 2. Example inputs Cylinder bore D What goes here? This is cylinder bore, not outside case diameter. Check the bore in the dimensions or specifications.
40 mm Rod diameter d What goes here? This is the extending rod diameter. Its area is subtracted from the effective retract-side piston area.
16 mm Supply-side gauge pressure p What goes here? Gauge supply pressure at the cylinder inlet. It may differ from compressor pressure because of piping and valve losses.
0.5 MPa Exhaust-side back pressure pb (gauge) What goes here? Gauge pressure remaining in the opposite chamber. Back pressure opposes the driving force.
0.05 MPa Friction and other loss force Floss What goes here? Enter seal and sliding resistance as force in N. This amount is subtracted from thrust.
20 N Required thrust for comparison Freq What goes here? Magnitude of a push or pull, in force units such as N, rather than mass in kg.
300 N
These are fixed teaching inputs. Coefficients, properties and comparison limits are not recommendations. Enter your conditions in the calculator.
3. Results for this example Extension thrust after back pressure and loss 555.54 N Retraction thrust after back pressure and loss 444.956 N Extension thrust minus requirement 255.54 N The rod reduces retract-side area. Read forces including back pressure and loss; force margin alone is not a real-system approval.
4. Which formula is used? A₁ = πD²/4, A₂ = π(D²−d²)/4, Fext = pA₁−pbA₂−Floss, Fret = pA₂−pbA₁−Floss
Table units are not always the units required in the formula. The calculator converts selected units to its internal base units before computing.
Assumptions and exclusions Quasi-static double-acting single-rod cylinder. For each direction p is the supplied chamber and pb the exhausting chamber. Both are gauge pressures relative to the same ambient pressure. Loss is a positive resisting-force magnitude. A positive thrust difference does not establish manufacturer load ratio, speed, cushion, buckling, side-load, pressure-transient or holding suitability. Air flow and stroke time are not calculated.
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